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The 12 Most Common Direct Mail Mistakes... And How To Avoid Them Successful direct mail doesn’t depend on fancy, four-color design or “creative” copy. Business-to-business marketers, seldom track response or test one mailing piece or list against another. As a result, they repeat their failures and have no idea of what works in direct mail—and what doesn’t. A mistake. Mistake No. 1: Ignoring the most important factor in direct mail success.
The most common
direct-mail mistake is not spending enough time and effort up-front,
when you select—and then test—the
right lists.
Typically, your house list will pull double the response of an outside list. Yet, only 50% of business marketers I’ve surveyed capture and use customer and prospect names for mailing purposes. When renting outside lists, get your ad agency or list broker involved in the early stages. The mailing piece should not be written and designed until after the right lists have been identified and selected.
Business-to-business marketers, on the other hand, seldom track response or test one mailing piece or list against another. As a result, they repeat their failures and have no idea of what works in direct mail—and what doesn’t. A mistake. In direct mail, you should not assume you know what will work. You should test to find out. For example, copywriter Milt Pierce wrote a subscription package for Good Housekeeping magazine. His mailing became the “control” package for 25 years. That is, no package tested against it brought back as many subscriptions. The envelope teaser and theme of that successful mailing was “32 Ways to Save Time and Money.” Yet, Mr. Pierce says that when he applied the same theme to subscription mailings for other magazines—Science Digest, Popular Mechanics, House Beautiful—it failed miserably. “There are no answers in direct mail except test answers,” says Eugene Schwartz, author of the book, Break-through Advertising. “You don’t know whether something will work until you test it. And you cannot predict test results based on past experience.”
The sales letter—not the outer envelope, the brochure, or
even the reply form—is the most important part of your direct-mail
package. Recently, a company tested two packages offering, for $1, a copy of its mail-order tool catalog. Package “A” consisted of a sales letter and reply form. Package “B” was a double post-card. The result? “A” out pulled “B” by a 3-to-1 ratio. Why do letters pull so well? Because a letter creates the illusion of personal communication. We are trained to view letters as “real” mail, brochures as “advertising.” Which is more important to you? One recommendation I often give clients is to try an old-fashioned sales letter first. Go to a fancier package once you start making some money.
Perhaps the oldest and most widely embraced rule for writing direct-mail copy is, “Stress benefits, not features.” But in business-to-business marketing, that doesn’t always hold true. In certain situations, features must be given equal (if not top) billing over benefits. For example, if you’ve ever advertised semiconductors, you know that design engineers are hungry for specs. They want hard data on drain-source, voltage, power dissipation, input capacitance, and rise-and-fall time...not broad advertising claims about how the product helps save time and money or improves performance. “I’ve tested many mailings selling engineering components and products to OEMs (original equipment manufacturers),” says Don Jay Smith, president of the Chatham, NJ-based ad agency The Wordsmith. “I’ve found that features and specs outpull benefits almost every time.” Vivian Sudhalter, Director of Marketing for New York-based Macmillan Software Co., agrees. “Despite what tradition tells you,” says Ms. Sudhalter, “the engineering and scientific marketplace does not respond to promise—or benefit—oriented copy. They respond to features. Your copy must tell them exactly what they are getting and what your product can do. Scientists and engineers are put off by copy that sounds like advertising jargon.” In the same way, I suspect that doctors are swayed more by hard medical data than by advertising claims, and that industrial chemists are eager to learn about complex formulations that the average advertising writer might reject as “too technical.” In short, the copywriter’s real challenge is to find out what the customer wants to know about your product—and then tell him in your mailing.
An offer is what the reader gets when he responds to your mailing. Make sure you have a well-thought-out offer in every mailing.
If you think the offer and the way you describe it are unimportant,
you are wrong. Here are some effective offers for industrial direct mail: free brochure, free technical information, free analysis, free consultation, free demonstration, free trial use, free product sample, free catalog. Your copy should state the offer in such a way as to increase the reader’s desire to send for whatever it is you offer. For example, a catalog becomes a product guide. A collection of brochures becomes a free information kit. A checklist becomes a convention planner’s guide. An article reprinted in pam phlet form becomes “our new, informative booklet—‘How to Prevent Computer Failures.’” From now on, design your fulfillment literature with titles and information that will make them work well as offers in direct mail. When one of my clients decided to publish a catalog listing US software programs available for export overseas, I persuaded her to call the book “The International Directory of U.S. Software,” because I thought people would think such a directory was more valuable than a mere product catalog.
Nothing kills the selling power of a business-to-business mailing faster than lack of content. The equivalent in industrial literature is what I call the “art director’s brochure.” You’ve seen them: showcase pieces destined to win awards for graphic excellence. Brochures so gorgeous that everybody falls in love with them—until they wake up and realize that people send for information, not pretty pictures. Which is why typewritten, unillustrated sales brochures can often pull double the response of expensive, four-color work. In the same way, direct mail is not meant to be pretty. Its goal is not to be remembered or create an image or make an impact, but to generate a response now. One of the quickest ways to kill that response is to be superficial. To talk in vague generalities, rather than specifics. To ramble without authority on a subject, rather than show customers that you understand their problems, their industries, and their needs. What causes superficial copy? The fault lays with lazy copywriters who don’t bother to do their homework (or ignorant copywriters who don’t know any better). To write strong copy—specific, factual copy—you must dig for facts. You must study the product, the prospect, and the marketing problem. There is no way around this. Without facts, you cannot write good copy. But with the facts at their fingertips, even mediocre copywriters can do a decent job. Don Hauptman, author of the famous mail-order ad, “Speak Spanish Like a Diplomat!,” says that when he writes a direct-mail package, more than 50% of the work involved is in the reading, research, and preparation. Less than half his time is spent writing, rewriting, editing, and revising. Recently a client hired me to write an ad on a software package. After reading the background material and typing it into my word processor, I had 19 single-spaced pages of notes. How much research is enough? Follow Bly’s Rule, which says you should collect at least twice as much information as you need—preferably three times as much. Then you have the luxury of selecting only the best facts, instead of trying desperately to find enough information to fill up the page.
Some copywriters save their strongest sales pitch for last, starting slow in their sales letters and hoping to build to a climactic conclusion. A mistake. Leo Bott, Jr., a Chicago-based mail-order writer, says
that the typical prospect reads for five seconds before he decides
whether to continue reading or throw your mailing in the trash.
The letter must grab his attention immediately. So start your letter
with your strongest sales point. “Which produces the best ad results—800 phone number? company phone? coupon? no coupon?”—from a letter selling ad space in Salesman’s Opportunity magazine. “14 things that can go wrong in your company—and one sure way to prevent them”—an envelope teaser for a mailing that sold a manual on internal auditing procedures. “A special invitation to the hero of American business”—from a subscription letter for Inc. magazine. “Can 193,750 millionaires be wrong?”—an envelope teaser for a subscription mailing for Financial World magazine. “Dear Friend: I’m fed up with the legal system. I want to change it, and I think you do, too.”—the lead paragraph of a fund-raising letter. Some time-tested opening gambits for sales letters include: asking a provocative
question; going straight to the heart of the reader’s most
pressing problem or concern; arousing curiosity; Know the “hot spots” of your direct mail package—the places that get the most readership. Those include: the first paragraphs of the letter, its subheads, its last paragraph and the post-script (80% of readers look at the PS); the brochure cover, its subheads and the headline of its inside spread; picture captions; and the headline and copy on the order form or reply card. Put your strongest selling copy in those spots.
Recently a company phoned to ask whether I was interested in buying its product, which was promoted in a mailing I’d answered. The caller became indignant when I confessed that I didn’t remember the company’s copy, its product, its mailing, or whether it sent me a brochure. “When did I request the brochure?” I asked. The caller checked her records. “About 14 weeks ago,” she replied. Hot leads rapidly turn ice cold when not followed up quickly. Slow fulfillment, poor marketing literature, and inept telemarketing can destroy the initial interest that you worked so hard to build. Here are some questions you should ask yourself about your current inquiry fulfillment procedures: *Am I filling orders or requests for information with 48 hours? *Am I using telephone follow-up or mail questionnaires to qualify prospects? By my definition, an inquiry is a response to your mailing. A lead is a qualified inquirer—someone who fits the descriptive profile of a potential customer for your product. You are after leads, not just inquiries. *Am I sending additional mailings to people who did not respond to my first mailing? Test that. Many people who did not respond to mailing No. 1 may send back the reply card from mailing No. 2, or even No. 3. *Am I using telemarketing to turn nonresponders into responders? Direct mail followed by telemarketing generates two to 10 times more response than direct mail with no telephone follow-up, according to Dwight Reichard, telemarketing director of Federated Investors Inc., Pittsburgh, Penn. *Does my inquiry fulfillment package include a strong sales letter telling the prospect what to do next? Every package should. *Does my inquiry fulfillment package include a reply element, such as an order form or spec sheet? *Does my sales brochure give the reader the information he needs to make an intelligent decision about taking the next step in the buying process? The most common complaints I hear from prospects is that the brochures they receive do not contain enough technical and price information. Don’t put 100% of your time and effort into lead-generating mailing and 0% into the follow-up, as so many mailers do. You have to keep selling, every step of the way.
This mistake is not using the magic words that can dramatically increase the response to your mailing. General advertisers, operating under the mistaken notion that the mission of the copywriter is to be creative, avoid the magic words of direct mail, because they think those magic phrases are cliches. But just because
a word or phrase is used frequently doesn’t
mean that it has lost its power to achieve your communications
objective. In conversation, for example, “please” and “thank
you” never go out of style. Free. Say free brochure. Not brochure. Say free consultation. Not initial consultation. Say free gift. Not gift. If the English
teacher in you objects that “free gift” is
redundant, let me tell you a story. A mail-order firm tested two
packages. The only difference was that package “A” offered
a gift while package “B” offered a free gift. No Obligation. Important when you are offering anything free. If prospects aren’t obligated to use your firm’s wastewater treatment services after you analyze their water sample for free, say so. People want to be reassured that there are no strings attached. No salesperson will call. If true, a fantastic phrase that can increase response by 10% or more. Most people, including genuine prospects, hate being called by salespeople over the phone. Warning: Don’t say “no salesperson will call” if you do plan to follow up by phone. People won’t buy from liars. Details inside/See inside. One of those should follow any teaser
copy on the outer envelope. You need a phrase that directs the
reader to the inside. Announcing/At last. People like to think they are getting in on the ground floor of a new thing. Making your mailing an announcement increases its attention-getting powers. New. “New” is sheer magic in consumer mailings. But it’s a double-edged sword in industrial mailings. On the one hand, business and technical buyers want something new. On the other hand, they demand products with proven performance. The solution? Explain that your product is new or available to them for the first time, but proven elsewhere—either in another country, another application, or another industry. For example, when we introduced a diagnostic display system, we advertised it as “new” to U.S. hospitals but explained it had been used successfully for five years in leading hospitals throughout Europe.
In my New York University copywriting workshop, I teach students to avoid “manufacturer’s copy”—copy that is vendor-oriented, that stresses who we are, what we do, our corporate philosophy and history, and the objectives of our firm. You and your products are not important to the prospect. The reader opening your sales letter only wants to know, “What’s in it for me? How will I come out ahead by doing business with you vs. someone else?” Successful direct mail focuses on the prospect, not the product. The most useful background research you can do is to ask your typical prospect, “What’s the biggest problem you have right now?” The sales letter should talk about that problem, then promise a solution. Do not guess what is going on in industries about which you have limited knowledge. Instead, talk to customers and prospects to find out their needs. Read the same publications and attend the same seminars they do. Try to learn their problems and concerns. Too many companies and ad agencies don’t do that. Too many copywriters operate in a black box, and doom themselves merely to recycling data already found in existing brochures. For example,
let’s say you have the assignment of writing
a direct-mail package selling weed control chemicals to farmers.
Do you know what farmers look for in weed control, or why they
choose one supplier over another? Unless you are a farmer, you
probably don’t. Wouldn’t it help to speak to some farmers
and learn more about their situation? Mr. Eicoff drove out to the country to talk with farmers. His finding? Farmers didn’t order because they were embarrassed about having a rat problem, and feared their neighbors would learn about it when the poison was delivered by mail. He added a single sentence to the radio script, which said that
the rat poison was mailed in a plain brown wrapper. After that,
sales soared.
Unlike an ad,
which is two-dimensional, direct mail is three-dimensional and
can appeal to all five senses: sight, hearing, touch, smell,
taste. Yet most users of direct mail fail to take advantage of
the medium’s added dimension. But here are some ideas you might consider: Audiocassettes. In selling summaries of business books recorded on cassette, Macmillan Software Co. sent an audiocassette in a cold mailing to prospects. The cassette allows the prospect to sample the books-on-tape program. I would have said, “Too expensive.” But inside information, and the fact that I got the package twice, tell me it’s working for them. Do you have a powerful message that a company spokesperson can deliver in dynamic fashion to your audience? Consider adding a cassette to your package. Videocassettes. Some companies are taking the idea one step further and mailing videocassettes cold to prospects. Again, that’s expensive—but successful in many instances. One company I spoke to got a 30% response to such a program. And in telephone follow-up, they learned that 95% watched the tape. Pop-ups. Chris Crowell, president of Essex, Conn.-based Structural Graphics Inc., says pop-ups can increase response up to 40% when compared with a conventional flat mailing. You can have a pop-up custom designed for your mailing or choose from one of many “stock” designs available. Money. Market research firms have discovered that enclosing a dollar bill with a market research survey can increase response by a factor of five or more, even though $1 is surely of no consequence to business executives or most consumers. Has anyone tried using money to get attention in a lead-getting industrial mailing? Sound. Have you seen the greeting cards that play a song when you open them because of an implanted chip or some similar device? I think that certainly would get attention. But as far as I know, no one has used it yet in direct mail. Product samples. Don’t neglect this old standard. Enclose a product or material sample in your next mailing. We once did a mailing in which we enclosed a small sample of knitted wire mesh used in pollution control and product recovery. Engineers who received the mailing kept that bit of wire on their desks for months. Premiums. An inexpensive gift such as a slide guide, measuring tape, ruler, or thermometer can still work well. One recommendation and warning: A lot of us, including me, need to be a little more imaginative if we want our mailing package to stand out in the prospect’s crowded mailbox. At the same time, we must remember that creativity can enhance a strong selling message or idea but cannot substitute for it. As copywriter Herschell Gordon Lewis, president of Communicomp in Plantation, Fla., warns, “Cleverness for the sake of cleverness may well be a liability, not an asset.”
Do you know
what a moose is? It’s a cow designed by a committee. For example, an ad agency creative director told me how his client cut a three-page sales letter to a single page because, as the client insisted, “Business people don’t read long letters.” Unfortunately, that’s an assumption based on the client’s own personal prejudices and reading habits. It is not a fact. In many business-to-business direct mail tests, I have seen long letters outpull short ones sometimes dramatically. Why pay experts to create mailings based on long years of trial-and-error experience, then deprive yourself of that knowledge base by letting personal opinions get in the way? Here are some things you can do to become a better direct-mail
client: Resist the
temptation to meddle. Point out technical inaccuracies and other
mistakes. But don’t dictate the piece’s content,
tone, or style. Become more educated in direct mail by reading books. I recommend “Successful Direct Marketing” by Bob Stone (NTC Business Books, Chicago, Ill. (800) 323-4900; 496 pp.; $29.95) as a good place to start. Know what’s going on in the industry. Subscribe to at least one of the direct marketing magazines: Direct Marketing, Zip Target Marketing, DM Nexus. Also, keep in touch with industry developments by reading the more broadly based marketing publications, such as Business Marketing and Advertising Age. If you challenge
your direct mail pros, be willing to spend for a test. In direct
mail, the answer to “Which concept is best?” is
the same as the answer to the question, “Which mailing piece
pulled best?” .------------------------------------------------------------
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